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Chinese researchers have obtained the first absolute dates for rock paintings at the Mangguan rock art site in Southwest China's Yunnan Province, pushing the known history of rock art created by prehistoric settled communities in the region back to about 4,220 years ago. The paintings also suggest cultural interactions more than 4,000 years ago between Southwest China and civilizations along the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, as well as possible exchanges with neighboring parts of Southeast Asia, including present-day Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, a member of the research team told the Global Times.
The Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, in collaboration with Nanjing Normal University and other institutions, have recently made a significant archaeological breakthrough. Through systematic surveys and uranium-thorium (U-Th) dating at the Mangguan site in Gengma county, the research team obtained the first absolute dates for the site's rock paintings, tracing rock art created by prehistoric settled communities back to around 4,220 years ago.
The findings were recently published in the international journal Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.
The Mangguan rock paintings represent one of the best-preserved prehistoric rock art sites in Yunnan. The research team presented high precision U Th dating of carbonate accretions that stratigraphically overlie the painted motifs at the Mangguan site, according to the paper published in the journal.
The dating results show that carbonate deposits overlying a human figure yielded a corrected age of 4,240 ± 19 years before present, confirming that ancient people living in the region had already produced mature figurative art at least 4,220 years ago, Wu Yun, first author of the paper and an associate researcher at the Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, was cited by the Xinhua News Agency report as saying.
Dating results from 11 samples taken from different motifs clustered between about 3,907 and 3,056 years ago. By comparison, the Cangyuan cliff paintings had previously been dated to roughly 3,800 to 2,700 years ago. The Mangguan paintings are therefore significantly older, filling an important chronological gap in the region's artistic record before the Cangyuan phase.
Shao Qingfeng, corresponding author of the paper and a professor at the School of Geography at Nanjing Normal University, told the Global Times that previous estimates dated the Mangguan rock paintings to a little over 3,000 years ago based mainly on imagery and comparisons with similar regional sites. Using microsamples of secondary carbonate deposits overlying the paintings, researchers have now obtained a precise minimum age of about 4,220 years before present without damaging the rock art.
The findings and the establishment of this chronological framework not only strengthen the archaeological foundation for studying rock art in Southwest China, but also provide a direct reference for rock art sites across Southeast Asia that have yet to undergo systematic dating, Shao said.
The findings may also challenge long-held perceptions of Southwest China around 4,200 years ago - roughly the era of the Xia Dynasty (c.2070 BC-C.1600 BC) - and help fill a key gap in understanding the pluralistic yet integrated development of Chinese civilization.
Shao said that while academic research has traditionally focused on the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins as cradles of early Chinese civilization, sites such as Mangguan and Cangyuan show that stable and culturally active communities also thrived in mountainous Southwest China. The newly established rock-art chronology brings an artistic dimension to the broader narrative of China's enduring cultural development.
Moreover, stylistic similarities suggest that Southwest China maintained exchanges with the Yellow River and Yangtze River regions and with early societies in Southeast Asia, providing material evidence of cross-regional interaction more than 4,000 years ago.
。 애플, 2나노 기반 M6 및 쿼드 다이 M5 울트라 공개[디지털데일리 김문기기자] 애플이 2나노미터(nm) 공정 기반 M6와 쿼드 다이 아키텍처를 적용한 M5 울트라(M5 Ultra) 시스템온칩(SoC)을 25일(현지시간) 공개했다.M6는 2나노 공정으로 제작된 칩이다. 2개의 슈퍼 코어와 4개의 성능 코어, 6개의 효율 코어로 구성된 12코어 중앙처리장치(CPU)를 탑재했다. 멀티스레드 성능은 M5 대비 최대 1.2배, M1 대비 최대 2.4배 빠르다. 각 코어에 뉴럴 액셀러레이터(Neural Accelerator)를 내장한 12코어 그래픽처리장치(GPU)와 듀얼 16코어 뉴럴 엔진(Neural Engine)을 갖췄다. AI용 GPU 컴퓨팅 성능은 M5 대비 약 30%, M1 대비 8배 이상 향상됐다. 통합 메모리는 최대 32GB를 지원하며 통합 메모리 대역폭은 초당 최대 170기가바이트(170GB/s)에 달한다.M5 울트라는 차세대 울트라퓨전(UltraFusion) 기술로 듀얼 다이 M5 맥스(M5 Max) 칩 2개를 연결해 SoC 최초로 쿼드 다이 아키텍처를 구현했다. 다이 간 대역폭은 초당 4.4테라바이트(4.4TB/s) 이상을 지원한다. 최대 36코어 CPU와 각 코어에 뉴럴 액셀러레이터를 내장한 최대 80코어 GPU, 32코어 뉴럴 엔진을 탑재했다. AI용 GPU 컴퓨팅 성능은 M3 울트라 대비 최대 4.5배 높다.최대 512GB 통합 메모리와 1.2TB/s의 통합 메모리 대역폭을 지원해 거대언어모델(LLM)을 온디바이스에서 구동할 수 있다. 미디어 엔진은 하드웨어 가속형 H.264 및 HEVC, 4개의 프로레스(ProRes) 인코딩·디코딩 엔진, 하드웨어 가속형 AV1 디코딩을 지원한다.개발자 생태계 지원을 위해 코어 AI, 코어 ML, 메탈(Metal), 엑스코드(Xcode) 등 애플 개발자 프레임워크와 도구를 제공한다. 개발자는 M6의 듀얼 16코어 뉴럴 엔진과 M5 울트라의 대용량 메모리 풀을 활용해 온디바이스에서 대규모 AI 모델을 구동하고 최적화할 수 있다.스리 산타남(Sri Santhanam) 애플 실리콘 엔지니어링 그룹 담당 부사장은 "오늘 한층 진화한 M6와 역대 가장 강력한 M 시리즈 칩인 M5 울트라를 선보이며 애플 실리콘의 성능과 AI 컴퓨팅에 또 한 번 획기적인 도약을 이뤄냈다"며, "첨단 2나노미터 공정으로 제작된 M6는 새로운 CPU 구성과 각각 2개씩 추가된 CPU 및 GPU 코어, 듀얼 16코어 뉴럴 엔진, 확장된 통합 메모리 대역폭을 결합해 탁월한 에너지 효율로 워크로드를 빠르게 처리한다"고 말했다.이어, "M5 울트라는 궁극의 데스크탑 성능과 대규모 AI 모델 구동을 위해 뉴럴 액셀러레이터를 탑재한 강력한 GPU와 확장된 통합 메모리 대역폭을 갖춰, 데스크탑의 가능성을 새로운 차원으로 끌어올린다"고 전했다.。
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